John Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men - 1448 Words

In the novella, Of Mice and Men, John Steinbeck discusses the idea of loneliness and how people who work at the ranch have no family and no future in lives. He indicates that all people at the ranch are lonely, but he specifically uses a few characters to highlight their state of being lonely and more miserable than the others. He emphasizes the loneliness of ranch life during the Great Depression, and shows how people are willing to try and find friendship in order to escape from the state of loneliness. Steinbeck uses loneliness as the principal theme and issue among Candy, Curley’s wife, and Crooks to show their desire in pursuing companionship, attention and success. Steinbeck uses Candy as one character to portray his theme of loneliness by creating a special relationship between him and his dog. Candy’s dog symbolizes many aspects in Candy’s loneliness. The dog symbolizes the disabled quality of Candy as being old and useless with no place to go. The dog is also Candy’s only friend. Candy wistfully explained â€Å" I been around him for so much I never notice how he stinks... I had him for so long had him since he was a pup. I herded sheep with him.† (Steinbeck 44). Candy and his dog been through many things together and the dog keeps him company. They are close to the point that Candy does not know that it smells. Another thing that Candy’s dog symbolized is hope. When Candy’s dog died, he felt hopeless. He angrily, but calmly said, â€Å" You seen what they did to myShow MoreRelatedJohn Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men1248 Words   |  5 PagesIn Steinbeck s novel Of Mice and Men, He uses imagery many times to create a realistic setting and plot. Steinbeck’s depiction of migrant workers and their daily complications during the depression are objectively precise due to his use of imagery with idioms, dreams, nature, loneliness and animal imagery. The main theme of the book transpires to be loneliness and fate. While George and Lennie, the main characters have a synergetic relationship, fate steps in and does away with their dreams, whichRead MoreJohn Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men897 Words   |  4 Pagesthat we possess. Many people feel certain emotions based on events that have taken place in their lifetime or how they were raised throughout their childhood. In John Steinbeck’s Of Mice and Men, he portrays the feelings of isolation and loneliness in three different characters. George’s isolation is illustrated in Steinbeck’s, Of Mice and Men. George expresses many hard feelings towards Lennie at the opening of this story. â€Å"‘...you’re a lot of trouble,’ said George. ‘I could get along so easy and soRead MoreJohn Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men1243 Words   |  5 Pagesis what John Steinbeck achieves by portraying this through the characters in his novella Of Mice and Men. The main characters are affected by loneliness in their own different way throughout the novella. rf The loneliness is maintained by the challenges that the characters have to face, and they sustain those challenges of being inhumane towards each other. Crook, a figure in the story who experiences discrimination encounters the challenge of race, due to the book’s setting in the 1930’s duringRead MoreJohn Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men1080 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"I want you to stay with me Lennie. Jesus Christ, somebody’d shoot you for a coyote if you was by yourself.† The novel Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck shows the relationship between two migrant workers in the 1930s, George and Lennie, along with the other members on the new ranch that they began working on. Georgie and Lennie dreamed of following the American Dream and owning their own patch of land and the novel revolves around the dream and the obstacles that stand in their way. Lennie, a strongRead MoreJohn Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men1286 Words   |  6 PagesThe realistic fiction novella O f Mice And Men by John Steinbeck explains the journey of two migrant farm workers. Lennie and George are forced to overcome the Dust Bowl and The Great Depression around 1938. This makes jobs even harder to come by because everyone wanted one. Lennie and George were kicked out of Weed and they now work at a ranch in Soledad. At the new farm the friendship between Lennie and George becomes harder to maintain. The people on the farm are all different shapes, sizes, andRead MoreJohn Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men2167 Words   |  9 Pagesjobs. In John Steinbeck’s Of Mice and Men, George Milton and Lennie Small wander through California in search of a new job that would help them make enough money to live their American dream on â€Å"the fatta the lan’†(Steinbeck 14). George and Lennie’s hard work and determination is not enough for them to live their dream. Lennie has a mental disability that slows the two friends down from living their dream; they have to ru n from job to job because of Lennie’s unintentional actions. Steinbeck incorporatesRead MoreJohn Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men1360 Words   |  6 Pagesfeeling, thinking and acting in everyday life. In the story Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck, a duo of farmers, George and Lennie, search for work wherever they can. Their dream of having a farm of their own is coming into reach, while George has to wield Lennie away from the temptation of Curley’s wife and the reality of what Lennie can do. John Steinbeck uses characterization to illustrate the nature of human existence. Steinbeck portrays George as a man who tries to help, and helps others soRead MoreJohn Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men1205 Words   |  5 Pagesand the time period of John Steinbeck s novella, Of Mice and Men, exemplifies the idea that people from minorities are held back from achieving their version of the ‘American Dream’. This goes to prove not everyone will overcome the overbearing tidal waves of their hardships, which makes the American Dream nothing more than a dream to them. Crooks, the black stable hand, faces discrimination due to his skin color as this unfortunately was common in the 1930’s. John Steinbeck uses Crooks’ situationRead MoreJohn Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men968 Words   |  4 PagesSolidifying the theme of John Steinbeck’s Of Mice and Men, the protagonist George expresses his significant loneliness despite a strong kinship with his friend Lennie, â€Å"’I ain’t got no people†¦ I seen the guys that go around the ranches alone. That ain’t no good’† (41). Published in 1937, amidst the horrific turmoil of the Great Depression, Steinbeck’s novella struck a sensitive chord with readers. Set in the heart of California’s Central Valley, this story follows two men, George and Lennie, as theyRead MoreJohn Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men1387 Words   |  6 Pageslanguage. Soledad is also town in which Of Mice Men takes place. The entire novel displays the idea of solitude. Alon g with the presence of loneliness in this story, John Steinbeck also ties in the idea of companionship through the everyday lives of individuals. The correlation of loneliness and companionship in the lives of these characters, along with the diversion of lifestyles consistently shows. Of all the many themes of the book, Of Mice and Men, the most important theme is the theme of loneliness

The Journey In “Heart Of Darkness” Spans Not Only The...

The journey in â€Å"Heart of Darkness† spans not only the capricious waters extending our physical world, but also the perplexing ocean which exists in the heart of man. Through Marlow s somewhat overenthusiastic eyes, we perceive the mystery that is humanity, and the blurred line between darkness and light. It is an expedition into the deepest crevices of the human heart and mind bringing on an awareness, and finally descending into the abyss of hell abiding in each of us. Conrad’s use of wordplay and symbolism shows the reader that this journey is something much deeper. In â€Å"Heart of Darkness†, Joseph Conrad conveys the themes of darkness, duality, and imperialism through Marlow’s tale of his experience along the Congo River. To begin with,†¦show more content†¦Savage. This is the dominant theme of duality because the white men in the story are supposed to be civil and the Africans are called savages, when in reality of the story, the white men are savages because of the way they treat the Africans. Next, there is Kurtz vs Marlow. Kurtz loses all morals to the wilderness though Marlow does not give into primitive lusts. Marlow is, however, tempted which is why he is haunted by Kurtz. Kurtz represents complete savagery, lack of darkness and strength, all things that Marlow is trying to withstand and comprehend. By examining Kurtz soul, he must examine his own soul as well. Lastly, there is Kurtz’ intended vs the tribal woman. The women of Kurtz life are opposite yet alike in their beauty and love for Kurtz. The intended is the symbol of light â€Å"all of the sad light of the cloudy evening took refuge on her forehead. This fair hair, this pale visage, this pure brow seemed surrounded by an ashy halo† (Conrad 1902, 112). On the contrary, the tribal woman is the symbol of primitive darkness. â€Å"Savage and superb; wild-eyed and magnificent there was something ominous and stately in her deliberate progre ss† (Conrad 1902, 157). The similarities are proven when Conrad writes â€Å"She put out her arms†¦stretching them back and with clasped pale hands across the fading and narrow sheen of the window†¦resembling in this gesture another one, tragic also†¦stretching bare brown arms over the glitter of the infernalShow MoreRelatedOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesauthors have brought their wealth of experience and understanding and provided the field with an imaginative resource to address the dynamics between theory and practice. Dr Susanne Tietze, Bradford University, UK The key to success for managers is not only to be result oriented but also to be wise in their decision making. This requires that they have a deeper than superficial understanding of management and organization issues. McAuley et al. helps student and managers understand organizational performance

Microsoft office Free Essays

Microsoft Office Free Essays Appreciate the Issues Impacting upon the future development and use of methods In Industry. AD. Discuss professional and ethical Issues relating to information systems development Plagiarism is presenting somebody else’s work as your own. We will write a custom essay sample on Microsoft Office or any similar topic only for you Order Now It includes: copying information directly from the Web or books without referencing the material; submitting Joint coursework as an Individual effort; copying another student’s coursework; stealing or buying coursework from someone else and submitting It as your own work. Suspected plagiarism will be investigated and if found to have occurred will be dealt with according to the procedures set down by the University. D AID material copied or amended from any source (e. G. Internet, books) must be laced in quotation marks and in italics, with a full reference to the source directly underneath the material. Dour work will be submitted for electronic plagiarism checking. Any attempt to bypass our plagiarism detection systems will be treated as a severe Assessment offence. Dockworkers submission Requirements An electronic copy of your work for this coursework should be fully uploaded by midnight (local time) on the Deadline Date. The last version you upload will be the one that is marked. For this coursework you must submit a single Acrobat PDF document. In general, any text in the document must not be an image (e must not canned) and would normally be generated from other documents (egg MS Office 2007 using â€Å"Save As Ã'› PDF†). For this coursework you must also upload a single ZIP file containing supporting evidence. There are limits on the file size. Make sure that any files you upload are virus-free and not protected by a password otherwise they will be treated as null submissions. Comments on your work will be available from the Coursework page on the Intranet. The grade will be made available In Bannered. You must NOT submit a paper copy of this coursework. Coursework Regulations weeks late that meets the criteria for a pass will be treated as a referral. It will be subject to university regulations for referral work. Coursework submitted late without an Extenuating Circumstances claim will receive a ZERO grade. Elf you have extenuating circumstances you may submit your coursework up to two weeks after the published deadline without penalty but this is subject to acceptance of your claim by the School Extenuating Circumstances Panel. If your claim is rejected then you will receive a zero grade for your work. Coursework submitted more than two weeks late will be given feedback but a grade of non-submission will be awarded regardless of any extenuating circumstances. However, if your Extenuating Circumstances claim is accepted then the Extenuating Circumstances Panel will recommend to the Progression and Award Board that you be permitted to retake a different item of assessment at a future assessment point. All coursework must be submitted as above. Detailed Specification You must complete this assignment using the given case study – The Children Support Agency (CSS) Case Study. Firstly, read the information given in the case study (which is attached to this coursework specification). Then produce all of the deliverables detailed below. Note that the case study contains a lot of information about CSS – read it carefully. How to cite Microsoft Office, Papers microsoft office Free Essays Microsoft Office Free Essays Office Word 2013 Getting Started with Internet Explorer 10 Getting Started with Microsoft Office Powering 201 3 Creating a Worksheet and Charting Data with Microsoft Office Excel 2013 Content and/or context understanding Development Information and Communication Technologies (Sits) for Development CITED Applications in Core Sectors of Development Ethics, Copyright and Intellectual Property Rights This is a Unions signature module, which is important for your qualification, as it orientates you to societal issues. It is set on NSF level 5 – the first higher education level in your degree, diploma or certificate. This is a 12 credit module, which means that an average student will require about 1 20 hours to complete it. We will write a custom essay sample on Microsoft Office or any similar topic only for you Order Now You will be exploring the discipline of Computer and Information Sciences, and more specifically, the field of Data Entry and Microcomputer Applications. This module is presented in English only as this is the predominant language in this field of study. 1. 1 Signature Modules were specially developed at UNIONS, are taught fully online and have the support of Teaching Assistants to help the students in small groups. PIPE 501 is the Signature Module for the College of Science, Engineering and Technology and as such is meant to represent a particular discipline and distinct character values that the College believes is relevant and important for their graduating students to study. However, the fact that this module forms part of 99 different qualifications, including many students from other colleges, was taken into account in the selection and presentation of content and learning activities offered in this module. JEEPS 501 is one of the largest modules being offered at UNIONS: There were more than 14 500 students registered in each of the first and second semesters Of 2014 for this module. We know 3 that especially when there are so many students, it might feel like you get lost in this crowd. One of the advantages of the Signature Modules is that they are designed so that you work in much smaller groups. As students register for the Signature Modules, you will be divided into small groups of no more than 30 students each, with a Teaching Assistant (TA) – an ‘electronic’ tutor – allocated to facilitate the group. This means that the Teaching Assistant will help to guide you through the module, provide you with assistance on your assignments and also mark most of your assignments. How to cite Microsoft Office, Papers

Midwifery Chlamydia Trachomatis Infection

Question: Discuss about theMidwifery for Chlamydia Trachomatis Infection. Answer: Introduction Chlamydia trachomatis infection can be diagnosed by three primary methods. Swab and urine samples are collected from the endocervical canal and the urethra respectively to be used in the lab investigations. The first method of diagnosis is by the use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in which the nucleic acids of the causative agent is amplified. Its sensitivity and specificity are as high as 95% and therefore, its results are reliable (Frye, Wallace, Chavez Luce, 2008). Secondly, the infection can be diagnosed by detection of Chlamydia antigen by ELISA method. Thirdly, it can be diagnosed by culture technique. This technique is the most reliable with a specificity of 100%. However, it is relatively expensive and technically complex than the other techniques. It also takes a longer duration of about 3-7 days for the results to be obtained (Pereboom, MannieÃÅ'ˆn, Rours, Spelten, Hutton Schellevis, 2014). The recommended antibiotic therapy for pregnant women with the infection is oral amoxicillin 500 mg consumed a day thrice for seven days (Pereboom et al. 2014). Amoxicillin is efficiently absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract with a bioavailability of up to 92% and is secreted renally unchanged. Amoxicillin is nonteratogenic in humans and is categorized as pregnancy category B drug (Rosenfeld Loose, 2014). Alternative therapies include 500mg oral intake of erythromycin that is consumed four times per day for seven days, or half of this dose (250mg) can be taken for double the duration (14 days). Its absorption is varied depending on the presence or absence of food in the GI. It crosses the placenta, into breast milk and CSF. It is excreted through the GI tract. About 2-15% of it is excreted through the renal system as unchanged drug. It has no known teratogenic effects in humans but should be used with caution when there are no other alternative therapies (Brenner Stevens, 2013) . Equally, 1 gram of azithromycin can be taken orally as a single dose. It is rapidly absorbed and has a bioavailability of 37%. It is excreted in feces and urine as unchanged drug. It has no teratogenic effects and is categorized as a pregnancy category B drug (Rosenfeld Loose, 2014). References Brenner, G. M., Stevens, C. W. (2013),Pharmacology, Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders. Frye, J., Wallace, L., Chavez, R., Luce, D. (January 01, 2008). Screening and Treatment Guidelines for Chlamydia trachomatis in Incarcerated Adolescents: A Review.Journal of Correctional Health Care,14,2, 89-98. Pereboom, M. T. R., MannieÃÅ'ˆn, J., Rours, G. I. J. G., Spelten, E. R., Hutton, E. K., Schellevis, G. (February 01, 2014). Chlamydia trachomatis infection during pregnancy: Knowledge, test practices, and attitudes of Dutch midwives.Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases,46,2, 107-113. Rosenfeld, G. C Loose, D. S. (2014),Pharmacology. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams Wilkins.

Depression Essays (263 words) - Psychiatric Diagnosis, Psychiatry

Depression I Depression 1 Each year, more than 19 million Americans over the age of 18 experience a depressive illness. 2 Three major types ? Seasonal Affective Disorder ? Bipolar Disorder ? Postpartum Depression II Seasonal Affective Disorder 1 Occurs in Fall and early spring Varies in location ? 10% Northern New England states ? 5% Baltimore/Washington area ? 2% Southern California or Florida 2 Characterized by series of symptoms ? Change in appetite or weight ? Sleep problems ? Memory loss ? Problems concentrating ? Inability to make decisions ? Low self-esteem ? Suicidal thoughts 3 Who suffers? ? ? are women ? Men and children suffer also ? 20 years old ? Inherited 4 Causes ? Change in sunlight exposure III Bipolar Disorder 1 Manic depression ? Episodes of mania and depression ? At least 2 million American suffer ? 20% commit suicide ? Linked to seasonal affective disorder 2 Symptoms for mania ? Increased energy, activity, restlessness, racing thoughts, and rapid talking ? Decreased need for sleep ? Abuse of drugs and sleep medication ? Denial that anything is wrong Symptoms for depression ? Persistent sad, anxious, or empty mood ? Feelings of guilt, worthlessness, or helplessness ? Restlessness or irritability ? Thoughts of death or suicide; suicide attempts 3 Who suffers? ? 1 in 5 causes begins in late childhood or adolescents ? 25-35 4 Causes ? Chemical imbalance ? Believe to be inherited IV Postpartum Depression 1 Recognized by Hippocrates in 460 B.C. 2 Symptoms- appear with a few months of delivery ? Deep sadness ? Frequent crying ? Insomnia ? Lethargy ? Irritability 3 Who suffers? ? 1 in 10 Expecting and new mothers ? Affects Husband ? Affects newborn child 4 Causes ? Not known ? Stress ? Related to Bipolar disorder V In conclusion 1 Three types of depression ? Seasonal Affective Disorder ? Bipolar Disorder ? Postpartum Depression 2 All major types Speech and Communcations

Western Civilization from Ancient Greece, Rome, India and China essays

Western Civilization from Ancient Greece, Rome, India and China essays There are many contributions to Western Civilization from Ancient Greece, Rome, India, and China. Many of them are very important to us and are necessities in everyday life. We can observe these contributions throughout our society today. Ancient Greece contributed many things to our culture. Some of the major contributions are the Olympics, architecture, and government. The Olympics are an important part of Western Civilization and were started by the Greeks. Document five shows the beginning of the Olympics and how the Greeks created them. Architecture such as columns and triangular rooftops created by the Greeks can be seen in many buildings today. Document three shows how our culture adapted from Ancient Greek structures. Document four shows this government and the similarities between Ancient Greeces version of it and our own today. Ancient Rome also contributed many things to our civilization. These included the arch and dome architecture, meals, and some laws that we use today. The arch and dome architecture is very important in our civilization, since it is used in building football stadiums, government buildings, and other important structures. Examples of this architecture can be seen in document nine. The meals we eat today were adapted from Roman meals. Document eight shows how the Romans had appetizers, main courses, and desserts, just as we have today. Some laws we have today were also adapted from Ancient Rome. Document seven shows this and how similar our laws are. An example is Ancient Romes third law and ours, which says a person, is innocent until proven guilty. Ancient Chinas major contribution to our civilization was the making of paper. They did this by using wood pulp. The use of paper has traveled throughout the world and is a necessity for everyday life. Its been used to document historical events and important information. Document two shows its historical background. ...

Is inclusion in main stream school ideal for children with sen Dissertation

Is inclusion in main stream school ideal for children with sen - Dissertation Example .......................................................... Literature Review...................................................................................................... Inclusive Education of Children with SEN: A Look Back. Does inclusion help children to fit it to society? Does inclusion work for all children, can schools be changed so that all children are included if not which children can be included and which cannot? How far should a school change to meet the needs of individuals? Do they like coming to school? Do they have lots of friends also what do they like about school? Is there any improvement in their lessons such as numeracy and literacy, being in the main stream school? How is the inclusion helpful in promoting overall health and well being? How the denial of inclusion is an outright violation of their rights? Results and Data Presentation.................................................................................. Discussion and Analysis................ ............................................................................. Conclusion................................................................................................................... Recommendations....................................................................................................... Bibliography................................................................................................................ ... Therefore, one is sure of the elite role of nations in assuring the growth of physically and mentally healthy younger generation. Consequently, the care and attention of the governments, parents, teachers and peer groups in assuring the well being of the children with special educational needs (SEN) seeks special attention. The issue on inclusion or integration of SEN to mainstream education has been a subject of debate among authorities and experts for many decades now. Questions on the ability of the SEN pupils to face the pressures of a mainstream school and the capacity of these schools to cater the special needs of these children are only few of the identified points that can hinder the possibility of achieving the highest potentials of these children while attaining education in mainstream schools. Despite these concerns, several local, national, and even international organizations worldwide have always advocated that segregation—that is, the act of separating these chi ldren from the general population—is an outright violation of their rights since it is believed that integration to mainstream education is a key to promoting their overall health and well being. In connection, this paper will seek for evidences to these claims by reviewing related literatures that tackle the issues surrounding the situation. This will also present the execution and process of a mini case study involving two children with SEN. The study is conducted on the grounds that the authorities have the responsibility to safeguard the interests of children by providing them better education available and protect the rights of SEN in accessing to specialist teaching and other resources which enable them to rise up to the level of other students

Legal iss ues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Legal iss ues - Essay Example In this regard the association acts to promote the profession of nursing to the community. Health care organizations at both national and state levels are advocated by the ANA. This includes meeting the needs of registered nurses in all health care organizations or facilities. Inter-hospital interaction by nurses is met through the ANA (Milton, 2008). This interaction acts to meet the needs of nurses for dissemination of knowledge and discussion of health care issues. As a result of this, quality in healthcare is provided to the community. Within the ANA there are more than one hundred specialty organizations. These are responsible for focusing on the specific clinical aspects of every specialty of nursing practice (Milton, 2008). Moreover the unique areas of nursing practice are advocated by the specific organizations of the ANA (Donley, 2008). The organizational and community issues which affect the practice of nursing are the areas of focus by the ANA. In this regard, the ANA acts to ensure that the ethics and code of conduct is maintained by all nurses for the good of the community. Moreover the interests of nurses such as working environment within healthcare organizations are advocated by the ANA. Moreover the honor of nursing practice and financial obligations of health care organizations to nurses are postulated by the American Nurses association (Milton, 2008). Donley, R. (2008).Revisiting the American Nurses Associations First Position on Education For Nurses: A Comparative Analysis of the First and Second Position Statements on the Education of Nurses. Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 13 (2),

Research report on the casual dining Sector in KSA ( Saudi Arabia) Paper

Report on the casual dining Sector in KSA ( Saudi Arabia) - Research Paper Example The considerable market size as per the targeted population includes Riyadh and Jeddah as the main hub of the business. Other locations contributing in the overall market size of casual dining of KSA takes toll of Eastern province (Oxford Business Group, 2010). Other cities have also attracted the investors as the culture of dining out at causal stores has become a speculated fact. The number of franchise of one chain has about 50 stores currently as an average. The total of brand franchises has marked the rate of about more than 15000 stores. This will is expected to increase by 6% in the coming year (Soufi, 2012). Exposure to international way of living and increasing number of shopping malls based upon western standards. It should be noted that western civilization is considered to be involved in making use of their income for disposable purpose i.e. dining out as a form entertainment (Soufi, 2012). Dining out has become a trend of getting together with social groups. This has allowed people to come closer and becoming socially active as dining allow them to take time out of their routine and get engaged (Zawya.com, 2012). The market competition has relatively become zealous because the international chains have marked a strong grip of the market. The fact remains that the international chains are expected to get slowed in the competition because of the similarity in taste and store outlook. However, it has been noted that the Saudi chains have applied for license of their business in the sector. The planning of these stores is underway making it competitive for the international chains (Soufi, 2012). The threat that the present chains might have with the Saudi chain is the tradition and the typical predictable taste that the targeted market demand. Most of the chains have changed their menus and appointed ingredients in the meals which give it a Middle Eastern food touch. The

Classification Of Marketing Research Designs

Classification Of Marketing Research Designs A research design is a model or blueprint for concluding the marketing research project. It details the procedures necessary for obtaining the information needed to structure or solve marketing research problems. Although a broad approach to the problem has already been developed, the research specifies the details- the nuts and bolts- of implementing the approach. A research design lays the foundation for conducting the project. A good research design will ensure that the marketing research project is conducted effectively and efficiently. Classification of Marketing Research Designs Research Design Conclusive Research Design Exploratory Research Design Descriptive Research Casual Research Cross-sectional Design Longitudinal Design Single Cross sectional Design Multiple Cross Sectional Design Exploratory Research: It is a type of research design whose primary objective is the provision of insights into and comprehension of the problem situation confronting the researcher. Conclusive Research: Research designed to assist the decision maker in determining, evaluating and selecting the best course of action to take in a given situation. Cross-sectional Design: A type of research design involving the collection of information from any given sample of population elements only once. Single cross-sectional design: A cross-sectional design in which one sample of respondents is drawn from the target population and information is obtained from this sample once. Multiple cross-sectional designs: A cross-sectional design in which there are two or more samples of respondents and information from each sample is obtained only once. Longitudinal designs: A type of research design involving a fixed sample of population elements that is measured repeatedly on the same variables. The sample remains the same over time, thus providing a series of pictures which, when viewed together, portray a vivid illustration of the situation and the changes that are taking place over time. Panel: A sample of respondents who have agreed to provide information at specified intervals over an extended period No Is the need for marketing research justified? Yes Define the research objectives Identify data needs No Are suitable data resources available? Identify data sources Yes No Are some secondary resources capable of providing all data needed Yes Choose appropriate design and data collection method Obtain the secondary data Design research instrument Identify the sample Collect data including any relevant secondary data Analyze and interpret data Terminate project Present research findings. Step 1: Justify the Need for Marketing Research A logical starting point for discussing the marketing research process is the issue of whether to conduct a proposed research project. Four considerations influence the decision: the potential usefulness of the research results: managements attitudes toward the research: the resources available for implementing the research results: and the costs of the research projects versus the benefits. Step 2: Define the Research Objective Questions about what we want to find out and why are crucial to the effectiveness of any project. Indeed, our discussion of whether or not of research project is worthwhile assumed that the research purpose was well defined. We cannot meaningfully evaluate the costs and potential benefits of research unless we have clearly established the answers to what and why. Step 3: Identify Data Needs Identifying specific data needs means scrutinizing the research purpose and listing the kinds of data required to accomplish that purpose. Step 4: Identify Data Sources After identifying data needs, the next logical step is to locate sources capable of providing the data. The relative ease or difficulty of locating data sources will depend on the nature of the information desired. Secondary Data are data that have already been collected by and are readily available from other sources. Primary data are data collected for specific research needs. The importance of time frame. If no resource is available for the kinds of data needed in a particular project within the time frame, the company should abandon the research project at this stage rather than pursue it further: the results will undoubtedly worth it. Step 5: Choose an Appropriate Research Design and Data Collection Method After determining the research objectives and the nature of the data to be collected, the researchers must choose an appropriate research design, which in turn will influence what tasks they will perform in the remainder of the project. The research design may be exploratory or conclusive. Exploratory Research helps researchers gain some initial insights and may pave the way for future research. For instance, an industrial product firm wishing to generate some ideas for improving its product line can do so through informal discussions with selected customers and distributors. Conclusive Research helps researchers verify insights and select the appropriate course of action. Conclusive research can be either descriptive or experimental. A research proposal is a document that briefly describes the purpose and scope, specific objectives, sample designs, data collection procedures, data analysis plan, timetable and estimated cost for the contemplated project. Step 6: Design the Research Instrument The step of developing the data collection instrument or formed is relevant when a research project requires primary data collection. Although designing a data collection form may appear easy, certain aspects of the form, if not handled carefully, can seriously affect the quality and nature of the data. Step 7: Identify the Sample Designing a sample to collect primary data means clearly specifying who, or which units, should provide the needed data. This step may offer some general guidance for designing the sample. The method of choosing individuals depends on whether a profitable or non profitable sampling method is used. In a Profitable Sample, each component in a population has a known, non-zero chance of inclusion. Non Profitable Sampling is a subjective procedure in which the probability of selection for each population unit is known beforehand. Step 8: Collect the Data Once the data collection form and sample research are ready the next step is to collect the data. Before data analysis can begin, the responses generated by the data collection procedures must be checked for completeness, consistency and adherence to pre specified instructions. The process of examining the responses and taking the necessary corrective action to ensure they are of high quality is called editing. The edited responses also need to be put into a form that is ready for analysis. This transformation is called coding. Step 9: Analyze and Interpret the Data Analysis and interpretation are integral parts of marketing research. The types of analysis permissible in a project depend on the nature of the data, which in turn can be affected by factors such as the type of data collection used. Step 10: Present Research findings The last step in the marketing research process is to prepare a report that communicates the result of the research to decision makers. This step is critical to the process. Only through a clear and convincing report can the findings and conclusions reached by the market researcher be implemented. Marketing Research for the BK Broiler Chicken Sandwich Step 1: Justify the need for Marketing Research In 1998 the BK Broiler chicken sandwich was suffering from low sales. BK needed research to identify and develop a winning positioning strategy that would appeal to women. In short, the proposed research project appeared to be worthwhile not only because the results were needed, but also because adequate resources were available to implement the research results. Step 2: Define the Research Objective The main objective of the research project was to find out what would be the best way to position a new broiled chicken sandwich among the target market. The proposed sandwich was smaller than the current one, had fewer fat grams and used whole muscle product as opposed to the existing formed-chicken patty. The sandwich was made with a corn-dusted bun, used Savory Grill sauce, and was topped with shredded vegetables. Thus the primary purpose was to obtain consumer reactions to four different ways to position the new chicken sandwich in the marketplace. The four positioning considered for the concept/taste test were: Choice White Meat/Chicken Breast Backyard BBQ Taste Marinated Special Blend/Home style Taste Competitive Claim (concept only) Step 3 and 4: Identify Data Needs and Data Sources BKs data requirements fell into four classes: Purchase Intention Measures-The purchase intention measure was to be used to assess the likelihood that respondents would buy the sandwich. Overall Product Diagnostics-BK wanted to obtain data to understand the reasons underlying the intended purchase measures. Of interest to BKs product management were consumers overall judgements of the product concept, measuring uniqueness or differentiation from other products, inherent interest, and value for the money. Attribute Diagnostics-To focus further positioning and development efforts. BK needed data about specific product attributes that led people to buy chicken sandwiches. Respondent Profiling Variables-Data on demographics were deemed important to understanding customers fast-food eating habits. Step 5: Choose an Appropriate Research Design BK hired an outside research agency to design and execute the marketing research study. The project was basically conclusive experimental research. BK and the research agency were clear about the types of information they wanted. Step 6: Design the Research Instrument or Form- The agency developed a well structured questionnaire to collect the necessary data about the concept and the respondents. It consisted the following: Pre-recruiting screening questions Concept evaluation questions (only for qualified respondents) Taste test (only for those who gave neutral or positive responses to the concept) Classification questions Step 7: Identify the Sample The sample for this study was identified earlier as a group who had eaten chicken in a fast-food restaurant at least once in the past 3 months. The sample consisted of the following: Approximately 65% female and 35% male(skewed toward women to reflect the expected user base for the new broiled chicken sandwich) Approximately 50% ages 18 to 34 and 50% ages 35 to 54 Approximately 50% BK users and 50% non-BK users(within the past 4 weeks) Step 8: Collect the Data A total of 835 interviews were conducted among pre-recruited consumers at malls in 10 different geographic locations. Approximately 150 taste tests were conducted for the first three positioning. Step 9: Analyze and Interpret the Data The study found that interest in trying the product was driven by a positive pre-disposition toward the chicken sandwich, as well as how appetizing the product looked (in the picture).In the Taste Test Study, consumers rated the product very favorably. Step 10: Present Research Findings to Decision Makers Based on these findings, BKs Consumer Research Group recommended the Choice White Meat/Chicken Breast positioning. The sandwich performed well among women (the intended target market) and among non-BK users and the 35 to 54 age group rated the sandwich very favorably. However, the researchers also suggested that additional studies were needed to determine the best name and price for the sandwich. Purchase intent for BK Broiler Chicken Sandwich choice White Meat/ Chicken Breast Positioning Among Key Subgroups Choice White Meat/Chicken Breast positioning generated the highest level of definitely would buy/ probably would buy purchase intent scores. Of the total 208 respondents who were exposed to the Choice White Meat positioning, 43% rated it as definitely would buy and 83% rated it as definitely or probably would buy. To measure purchase intention, the respondents were asked: How likely would you be to buy this product if it were available at Burger King? Definitely would buy 5 Probably would buy 4 Might or might not buy 3 Probably would not buy 2 Definitely would not buy 1 TYPES OF RESEARCH DATA PRIMARY VERSUS SECONDARY DATA Primary data are originated by at researcher for the purpose of addressing the problem at hand. The collection of primary data involves all six steps of the marketing research process. Obtaining primary data can be expensive and time consuming. Secondary data are data that have already been collected for purposes other than the problem at hand. These data can be located quickly and inexpensively. A comparison of primary and secondary data Primary Data Secondary Data Collection Purpose For the problem at hand For other problems Collection Process Very involved Rapid and easy Collection Cost High Relatively low Collection Time Long Short ADVANTAGES AND USES OF SECONDARY DATA Identify the problem. Better define the problem. Develop an approach to the problem. Formulate an appropriate research design. Answer certain research questions and test some hypothesis. Interpret primary data more insightfully. The general rule that is followed is: Examination of available secondary data is a prerequisite to the collection of primary data. Start with secondary data. Proceed to primary data only when the secondary data resources have been exhausted or yield marginal returns. DISADVANTAGES OF SECONDARY DATA The objectives, nature, and methods used to collect the secondary data may not be appropriate to the present situation. It may be lacking in accuracy. It may not be completely correct or dependable. Before using secondary data, it is important to evaluate them on the above mentioned factors. Classification of Secondary Data Ready to Use Syndicated Services Computerized Databases Requires further Processing Published Materials External Internal Secondary data Internal Data are those generated within the organization which conducts the research. This information may be available in a ready-to use format, such as information routinely supplied by the management decision support system. For example: Extensive analysis was conducted on internal secondary data in the department store patronage project. This provided several rich insights. For example, sales were analyzed. To obtain: Sales by product line. Sales by major department. Sales by specific stores. Sales by geographical region. Sales by cash versus credit purchases. Sales in specific time periods. Sales by size of purchase. Sales trends in many of these classifications. External Data are those generated by sources outside the organization. These data are present in the form of published material, databases or information that are available by syndicate services. Before collecting external secondary data, it is useful to analyze internal secondary data. Database Marketing involves the usage of computers to attract and identify customer and purchase details. This secondary information serves as the foundation for marketing programs or as an internal source of information related to customer behavior. For many companies, the first step in creating a database is to transfer raw sales information. Published Secondary Data Published Secondary Data General Business Sources Government Sources Indexes Directories Census Data Other Government Publications Statistical Data Guides General Business Data Businesses publish a lot of information in the form of books, periodicals, journals, magazines, news papers and trade literature. This information can be located by using guides, directories and indexes. Sources are also available for identifying statistical data. Guides Guides are an excellent source of standard or recurring information. A guide may help identify other major sources of directories trade associations and trade publications. Guides are one of the first sources a researcher should consult. Some of the most useful are the American Marketing Association Bibliography Series, Business Information Sources, Data Sources for Business and Market Analysis, and Encyclopedia of Business Information Sources. Directories Directories are helpful for identifying individuals or organizations that collect specific data. Some of the important directories include Directories in Print, Consultants and Consulting Organizations Directory, Encyclopedia of Associations, Studies and Surveys, and Research Services Directory. Indexes It is possible to locate information on a particular topic in several different publications using an index. Indexes can, therefore, increase the efficiency of the search process. Other Government Publications In addition to the census, the federal government collects and publishes a great deal of statistical data. The more useful publications are Business Conditions Digest Business Statistics, Index to Publications, Statistical Abstract of the United States, and Survey of Current Business. Classification of Computerized Databases Computerized Databases Bibliographic Databases Numeric Databases Full-text Databases Special-Purpose Databases Directory Databases Internet Offline Online Online database consist of a central data bank, which is accessed with a computer via a telecommunications network. Internet Databases can be accessed, located, and analysed on the internet. The data can be downloaded from the internet and stored in a computer or an auxiliary storage device. Offline databases make the information available on diskettes and CD-ROM disks. Thus, offline databases can be accessed at the users location without the use of an external telecommunications network. Sources of International Secondary Data International Secondary Data International Organizations Domestic Organizations in the U.S. Organizations in Foreign Countries International Organizations in the U.S, Government Sources Non Government Sources Governments Trade Associations A wide variety of secondary data are available for international marketing research. As in the case of domestic research, the problem is not one of lack of data but of the plethora of information available, and it is useful to classify the various sources as shown in the diagram above. Domestic organizations in the United States, both government and non-governmental source, can provide valuable secondary international data. The important government sources are The Department of Commerce, The Agency for International Development, The Small Business Administration, the Export-Import Bank of the United States, The Department of Agriculture Department of State, Department of Labor, and The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. The Department of Commerce offers not only a number of publications, but also a variety of services as illustrated in the above diagram. Classification of Marketing Research Data Marketing Research Data Secondary Data Primary Data Quantitative Data Qualitative Data Descriptive Survey Data Experimental Data Observational and Other Data Casual Qualitative Research provide a clear perception of a situation and understanding of the problem setting using unstructured, exploratory research methodologies based on little samples. Quantitative Research is a research methodology that looks out to quantify a particular data and apply some of statically analysis. Quantitative versus Qualitative Research Qualitative Research Quantitative Research Objective To gain a qualitative objective of the underlying reasons and motivations. To quantify the data and generalize the results from the sample to the population of interest. Sample Small number of no representative cases. Large number of representative cases. Data Collection Unstructured Structured Data Analysis Non statistical Statistical Outcome Develop an initial understanding Recommend a final course of action. Classification of Qualitative Research Procedures Qualitative Research Procedures Indirect (Disguised) Direct (No disguised) Projective Techniques Depth Interviews Focus Groups Association Techniques Expressive Techniques Completion Techniques Construction Techniques Direct Approach A type of research in which the purposes of the project are made known to the respondent or are obvious, given the nature of the interview Indirect Approach A type of research in which the main purposes of the project are masked from the respondents Focus Group Interview An interview conducted by a well trained moderator in a nonstructural and natural manner with a very little group of respondents. The moderators lead the discussion. The main purpose of focus groups is to gain insights by listening to a group of people from the appropriate target market talk about issues of interest to the researcher. Characteristics Group Size 8 to 12 Group Composition Homogeneous; respondents prescreened Physical setting Relaxed, informal atmosphere Time duration 1 to 3 hours Recording Use of audiocassettes and videotapes Moderator Observational, interpersonal, and communication skills of the moderator. Depth Interviews An unstructured, straight forward, personal interview in which a single respondent is probed by a highly trained interviewer to uncover fundamental motivations, beliefs, attitudes, and feelings on a topic Focus Groups versus Depth Interviews Characteristic Focus Groups Depth Interviews Group synergy and dynamics + Peer pressure/group influence + Client involvement + Generation of innovative ideas + In-depth probing of individuals + Uncovering hidden motives + Discussion of sensitive topics + Interviewing respondents who are competitors + Interviewing respondents who are professionals + Scheduling of respondents + Amount of information + Bias in moderation and interpretation + Cost per respondent + Projective Techniques An unstructured and indirect form of questioning encourages the respondents to project their fundamental motivations, beliefs, attitudes, or feelings regarding the issues of concern. Advantages and Disadvantages of Projective Techniques Projective techniques have a major advantage over the unstructured direct techniques. They may elicit responses that subjects would be unwilling or unable to give if they knew the purpose of the study. At times, in direct questioning, the respondent may intentionally or unintentionally misunderstand or mislead the researcher. In these cases, projective techniques can increase the validity of responses by disguising the purpose. This is particularly true when the issues to be addressed are personal, sensitive or subject to social norms. Projective techniques are also helpful when underlying motivations, beliefs and attitudes are operating at a subconscious level. Projective techniques suffer from many of the demerits of unstructured direct techniques, but to a greater extent. These techniques generally require personal interviews with highly trained interviewers. Skilled interpreters are also required to analyze the responses. Hence, they tend to be expensive. Some projective techniques, such as role playing, require respondents to engage in unusual behavior. In such cases, the researcher may assume that respondents who agree to participate are themselves unusual in some way. Therefore, they may not be representative of the population of interest. Association Techniques It is a type of technique where the respondent is presented with a stimulus and asked to react with the first thing that comes to the respondents mind Word Association A projective technique in which respondents are presented one at a time with a list of words. After each word, they are asked to give the first word that comes to mind. Completion Techniques In completion techniques, the respondent is asked to complete an incomplete stimulus situation. Common completion techniques in marketing research are sentence completion and story completion. Sentence Completion It is similar to word association. Respondents are given incomplete sentences and asked to complete them. Generally, they are asked to use the first word or phrase that comes to mind. Story Completion A projective technique in which the respondents are provided with part of a story and required to give the conclusion in their own words Construction Techniques They are closely related to completion techniques. Construction techniques require the respondent to construct a response in the form of a story, dialogue, or description. In a construction technique, the researcher provides less initial structure to the respondent than in a completion technique. The 2 main construction techniques are (1) Picture response (2) Cartoons Picture Response A projective technique in which the respondent is shown a picture and asked to tell a story describing it Cartoon Tests Cartoon characters are shown in a specific situation related to the problem. The respondents are asked to indicate the dialogue that one cartoon character might make in response to the comments of another character. Expressive Techniques In expressive techniques, respondents are presented with a verbal or visual situation and asked to relate the feelings and attitudes of other people to the situation. The respondents express not their own feelings or attitudes, but those of others. The 2 main expressive techniques are role playing and third-person technique. Role Playing In role playing, respondents are asked to play the role or assume the behavior of someone else. The researcher assumes that the respondents will project their own feelings into the role. These can then be uncovered by analyzing the response. Third-Person Technique A projective technique in which the respondent is presented with a verbal or visual situation and asked to relate the beliefs and attitudes of a third person to the situation. This third person may be a friend, neighbor, colleague, or a typical person. INTRODUCTION History of Marketing Research Pioneers Marketing Research as an organized business activity began between 1910 and 1920. The appointment of Charles Collidge Parlin as manager of the Commercial Research Division of the Advertising Department of the Curtis Publishing Company in 1911 is generally noted to be the beginning of marketing research. Parlins success led several industrial firms and advertising media to establish research divisions. In 1915, the United States Rubber Company hired Dr. Paul H. Nystrom to manage a newly established Department of Commercial Research. In 1917, Swift and Company hired Dr. Louis D. H. Weld from Yale University to become manager of their Commercial Research Department. In 1919, Professor C.S. Duncan of the University of Chicago published Commercial Research: An Outline of Working Principles, considered to be the first major book on commercial research. In 1921, Percival Whites Market Analysis was published; the first research book to gain a large readership, it went through several editions. Market Research and Analysis by Lyndon O. Brown, published in 1937, became one of the most popular college textbooks of the period, reflecting the growing interest in marketing research on the college campus. After 1940, numerous research textbooks were published and the number of business schools offering research courses grew rapidly. Following World War II, the growth of marketing research increased dramatically. By 1948, more than two hundred Marketing Research organizations had been created in the United States. An estimated $50 million was spent on marketing research activities in 1947. Over the next three decades this expenditure level increased more than tenfold (Kinnear, 1991). Marketing Research vs. Market Research These terms often are used interchangeably, but technically there is a difference. Market research deals specifically with the gathering of information about a markets size and trends. Marketing research covers a wider range of activities. While it may involve market research, marketing research is a more general systematic process that can be applied to a variety of marketing problems. The Value of Information Information can be useful, but what determines its real value to the organization? In general, the value of information is determined by: The ability and willingness to act on the information. The accuracy of the information. The level of indecisiveness that would exist without the information. The amount of

Exploring Autism in Children Essay -- Exploratory Essays Research Pape

Exploring Autism in Children Susan was a normal, happy, active infant. Her parents were so relieved that all her checkups at the pediatrician's office indicated that her growth and development were above average. At 6 months she could sit up and crawl and at 10 months she was walking. She seemed to babble more than her older brother did at the same age and was talking at 16 months. All the milestones in her early development were ahead of schedule. One day when she was 18 months old, her mother found her sitting alone in the yard spinning the wheels of her wagon with such persistence that her mom joked with her friends that maybe Susan would be an engineer when she grew up. Susan's mother began to notice many unusual behaviors from her sweet, happy little girl. She seemed really different from her older brother. At 2 years old, Susan, she began to digress more and more. Suddenly, Susan stopped talking and it felt as if she wasn't the same baby she once was. She became obsessed with order and threw a tantrum when anything was moved or was out of place. She was always putting hairy toys in her mouth or sniffing and licking them. It was clear that she was very sensitive to taste, sound, smell, and touch. She threw a tantrum when her mother tried to put jeans on her, soft sweatpants were much more comfortable. When her mom called her by her name, she appeared to be deaf because she was unresponsive to voices or language. She avoided eye contact and would often be fixated on a single item or activity for a long period of time. She was very active and was constantly rocking or flapping her hands. She also would become aggressive. When something would upset her, she would suddenly explode, grabbing anything she could get... ... Andrew awakes. Ladies Home Journal (163-166) Neuwirth, S & Segal, J. Autism. Source: National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). Retrieved March 14, 2002 from the World Wide Web:http://www.athealth.com/Consumer/Disorders/ Autism.html Powers, M, Psy, D. Children with Autism a parent's guide. Bethesda, MD: Woodbine House Inc. 3-9, 294. 297-298. Smith, D. (1992). Special Education. very low incidence Disabilities: Autism, Deaf- Blindness & Traumatic Brain Injury. (Pg. 520-530, 553-557). Needhan Heights, MA Autism 10 What is Autism . (2001 June) . Colorado Department of Education Fast Facts. Retrieved March 12,2002 from the World Wide Web: www. cde.state.co.us. Treatment and education of eutism and related communication handicapped children.Chapel Hill TEACCH information.Retrieved June 15, 2000 from the World Wide Web: http://Autism- info.com/teacch.html Exploring Autism in Children Essay -- Exploratory Essays Research Pape Exploring Autism in Children Susan was a normal, happy, active infant. Her parents were so relieved that all her checkups at the pediatrician's office indicated that her growth and development were above average. At 6 months she could sit up and crawl and at 10 months she was walking. She seemed to babble more than her older brother did at the same age and was talking at 16 months. All the milestones in her early development were ahead of schedule. One day when she was 18 months old, her mother found her sitting alone in the yard spinning the wheels of her wagon with such persistence that her mom joked with her friends that maybe Susan would be an engineer when she grew up. Susan's mother began to notice many unusual behaviors from her sweet, happy little girl. She seemed really different from her older brother. At 2 years old, Susan, she began to digress more and more. Suddenly, Susan stopped talking and it felt as if she wasn't the same baby she once was. She became obsessed with order and threw a tantrum when anything was moved or was out of place. She was always putting hairy toys in her mouth or sniffing and licking them. It was clear that she was very sensitive to taste, sound, smell, and touch. She threw a tantrum when her mother tried to put jeans on her, soft sweatpants were much more comfortable. When her mom called her by her name, she appeared to be deaf because she was unresponsive to voices or language. She avoided eye contact and would often be fixated on a single item or activity for a long period of time. She was very active and was constantly rocking or flapping her hands. She also would become aggressive. When something would upset her, she would suddenly explode, grabbing anything she could get... ... Andrew awakes. Ladies Home Journal (163-166) Neuwirth, S & Segal, J. Autism. Source: National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). Retrieved March 14, 2002 from the World Wide Web:http://www.athealth.com/Consumer/Disorders/ Autism.html Powers, M, Psy, D. Children with Autism a parent's guide. Bethesda, MD: Woodbine House Inc. 3-9, 294. 297-298. Smith, D. (1992). Special Education. very low incidence Disabilities: Autism, Deaf- Blindness & Traumatic Brain Injury. (Pg. 520-530, 553-557). Needhan Heights, MA Autism 10 What is Autism . (2001 June) . Colorado Department of Education Fast Facts. Retrieved March 12,2002 from the World Wide Web: www. cde.state.co.us. Treatment and education of eutism and related communication handicapped children.Chapel Hill TEACCH information.Retrieved June 15, 2000 from the World Wide Web: http://Autism- info.com/teacch.html